Rainbow

Rainbow

Rabu, 09 Maret 2011

TENSES KEY CONCEPTS

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES
Simple Present Tense (waktu sekarang sederhana) digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan, aktivitas di waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana atau digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan sehari - hari, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa kini. Tanda Waktu : always, as a rule, generally, normally, usually, often, every day, every week, every month, every year, every evening, every Monday, in the morning, in march.
Patternnya:
Positif: S + V1 (s/es)
Negatif: S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1
Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1

 Contoh Kalimat Positif:
• I drink coffee
• She drinks coffe
• We drink coffee

 Kalimat Negatif ( Nagative )
Bentuk Negatif, artinya menyatakan TIDAK. Maka sesuai Pattern Present Tense, setelah SUBJECT ditambah DO atau DOES, baru NOT, lalu tambah kata kerja bentuk pertama tanpa S atau ES lagi.
Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO
Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen tambah DOES
Contoh :
• I do not drink coffee.
• She does not drink coffee
• John Scoping does not learn English.

 Kalimat Tanya ( Introgative )
Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY gunakan DO. Untuk SHE, HE, IT gunakan DOES. Contoh:
• Kalimat positifnya: I drink coffee
Kalimat tanya menjadi: DO you drink cofee?
• Kalimat positif: She drinks coffe
Kalimat tanya: DOES She drink coffee?
Kalimat tanya seperti diatas disebut juga YES/NO Question. Karena jawabannya memang Yes atau No. Do You drink coffee? “Yes I do” jawabnya. Atau bisa bisa dijawab dengan lengkap: “Yes, I do drink coffee”. Dihilangkan DO nya juga boleh, menjadi kalimat positif lagi: “Yes I drink coffee”.
a. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan karena kebiasaan
Contoh :
• I go to school every day.
Saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari.
• He usually eats an egg for breakfast
Ia biasanya makan sebutir telur untuk makan pagi.
b. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum yang tidak dapat dibantah.
Contoh :
• The Sun rises in the est.
Matahari terbit di sebelah barat.
• A week has seven days.
Seminggu ada tujuh hari.


Catatan :
Jika pokok kalimatnya orabg ketiga tunggal ( he, she, it ) bentuk dasar kata kerja akan mengalami perubahan.
a) Pada umumnya bentuk dasar kata kerja (infinitive) ditambah –s.
Contoh:
 to speak speaks : berbicara
 to help helps : membantu
b) Infinitif yang berakhiran dengan huruf vocal 0 ditambah –es.
Contoh :
 to do does : mengerjakan
 to go goes : pergi.

c.) Infinitif yang berakhiran dengan huruf konsonan ch, sh, s, atau x ditambah –es.
Contoh :
 to teach teaches : mengajar
 to wish wishes : mengharapkan.

d.) Infinitif yang berakhiran dengan huruf vocal –e, meskipun berakhiran suara huruf z atau j, ditambah –s saja.
Contoh:
 to use uses : menggunakan.
 to change changes : mengubah.

e.) Infinitif yang berakhiran konsonan y yang didahului oleh huruf mati, y diganti dengan i, lalu ditambah –es.
Contoh :
 to fly flies : terbang
 to study studies : belajar.

f.) Infinitif yang berakhiran dengan konsonan yang didahului oleh huruf hidup, ditambah –s saja.
 To buy buys : membeli
 To play plays : bermain

Infinitif tidak mengalami perubahan apa pun jika didahului oleh kata kerja Bantu, misalnya can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will,would, do, does dan did meskipun pokok kalimatnya orang ketiga tunggal.
Contoh :
• He can speak English
Dia dapat berbicara dalam bahasa inggris
• She must work hard.
Dia harus bekerja keras.

Tanda waktu :
- always
- generally
- normally
- usually
- often
- every day
- every week
- in the morning


2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu yang sedang terjadi saat ini, atau berlangsung saat kita sedang bicara.
Contoh :
• Jack is painting the house.Mother is serving our dinner.
• They are working in the garden.
b. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang bersifat sementara
Contoh :
• Jack is staying in my friend’s flat at the moment
• Brenda is always busy because she is working on her thesis.
• His elder brother is working in a bank.
c. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu keadaa atau situasi yang berubah-ubah.
Contoh :
• The cost of living in our country is increasing.
• The population of the world is rising very fast.
d. Digunakan untuk menunjukan sesuatu yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang dan telah direncanakan/ditentukan sebelumnya.
Contoh :
• I am spending my vacation in Bali next week.
• We are working in this building next week
Beberapa kata kerja tidak digunakan dalam present tense.Kata kerja yang tidak diguanakan dalam present countinuous :
- Belong - Seem
- Know - Hate
- Remember - Prefer
- Believe - Understand
- Love - Forget
- See - Realize
- Hear - Want
- Need
Pattern :
Positif: S + Tobe + Ving
Negatif: S + Tobe+ Not+ Ving
Tanya: Tobe + S + Ving

 Contoh kalimat Positif :
• I am writing now (Saya sedang menulis sekarang)
• You are reading my article at present
• She is waiting for you.

 Contoh kalimat Negative:
• I am NOT writing now (Saya sedang tidak menulis sekarang)
• You are NOT reading my article at present (Apa artinya?)
• She is NOT waiting for you.

 Contoh Kalimat Tanya :
• Are you writing now? (Apakah kamu sedang menulis sekarang?)
• Are You reading my article at present?
• Is She waiting for you.
Tanda Waktu : Now, right now, to day, soon, at present, this morning, this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, in a few days


3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Contoh :
• My elder brother has worked here for three years.
• .John has studied English for two years.
• They occupied the house for ten years.
b. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya denganwaktu sekarang atau akibatnya dapat dilihat/dirasakan sekarang.
Contoh :
• He has just bought a new motorcycle.
• Neysha has passed from senior high school.
• Robert has just left for office.
c. Digunakan dengan “this morning, this afternoon, today, this month, this year“ untuk menunjukan bahwa sesuatu kejadian atau perbuatan telah dilakukan berulang-ulang kali.
Contoh :
• I have tried to contact her three times this morning.
• The man has visited this city twice this month.
• He have smoked six cigarette today.
Pattern :
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3

Contoh Present Perfect Tense :
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau, masih berlangsung sampai sekarang dan masih akan berlangsung padawaktu yang akan datang.
Contoh :
• I’ve been living here for three years.
• Ayra has been studying English for ten months.
b. Digunakan untuk menanyakan atau menyatakan sudah berapa lama berlangsungnya suatu kejadian atau peristiwa.
Contoh :
• Have you been waiting for me long?
• How long has he been studying IT?
c. Digunakan dengan ”how long, since atau for” untuk menunjukan suatau kegiatan atau peristiwa berulang-ulang.
Contoh :
• Alvin has been playing football since he was ten years old.
• My father has been smoking for twenty years.


Pattern :
Positif: S + have/has + been + Ving
Negatif: S + have/has + not + been + Ving
Tanya: Have/has + S + been + Ving

Tanda Waktu :
- For
- Since
- Long
- for over two years
- the whole day
- the whole night


5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa, kejadian, atau kedaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Pattern :

Positif: S + V2
Negatif: S + did not + V1
Tanya: Did + S + V1

Contoh :
Positif : My Father bought this car last year.
Negative : My Father didn’t buy this car last year.
Intgogative : Did My Father buy this car last year.

a. Kata kerja beraturan (regular verb) dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran “d/ed” pada kata kerja pertama (infinitive).
Contoh :
• Marsha closed the window five minutes ago.
• The students presented their project work this morning.
b. Kata kerja yang tidak beraturan (irregular verb) tidak dibentuk dengan mennabahkan akhiran “d/ed” pada kata kerja. Kata kerja tidak beraturan mempunyai bentuk tersendiri.
Contoh :
• My mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.
• Syilla met her uncle yesterday.
Tanda Waktu yang Digunakan :
- Yesterday
- last Monday
- ….. ago
- Last week
- Last night
- the day before yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada suatu saat tertentu di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• We were watching TV at 09.00 o’clock last night.
• I was doing my homework at 2 p.m yesterday.
b. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau, kemudian kejadian lain menyusul.
Contoh :
• When my father came home last night, my little sister was watching TV.
• Lyfia were waiting for a bus whe I met him yesterday afternoon.
c. Digunakan untuk menunjukan dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada saat yang sama di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• While father was reading an book, the children were watching TV.
• We were discussing the lesson while professor was speaking to his guest.

Pattern :

Positif : S + To be (was/were) + VI + (ing)
Negativ : S + To be (was/were) + not + VI + (ing)
Tanya : To be (was/were) + S + VI + (ing)


 Contoh kalimat Positif :
• We were swimming last week.
• He was writing a letter last night.
 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• I was not swimming last week
• He was not writing a letter last night.
 Contoh Kalimat Tanya :
• Was I swimming last week ?
• Was He writing last night ?
Tanda waktu :
- When,
- While
- the whole day
- last Sunday
- yesterday


7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang telah terjadi pada masa lampu, kemudian kejadian itu lainnya menyusul.
Contoh :
• I had got a permanent job when I decided to marry Jane.
• After John had got a job, his father passed away.
b. Digunakan dalam indirect speech jika reporting verb dalam simple past.
Contoh :
• Direct : Robert said, “ I have read the novel twice’”.
• Indirect : Robert said that he had read the novel twice.
c. Digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat tanya bisa digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu past unreak dalam conditionl type IIIIf.
Contoh :
• If I had found the right buyer, I would have sold the car.

Pattern :

Positif: S + had + V3
Negatif: S + had + not + V3
Tanya: Had + S + V3

 Contoh Kalimat positif :
• I had swum last week.
• We had swum yesterday.
 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• I had not swum last week.
• They had not swum yesterday.
 Contoh kalimat Tanya :
• Had I swum last week ?
• Had they swum yesterday ?

Tanda waktu :
- Before
- After
- Until
- as soon as




8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TANSE
Menyatakan perbuatan yang sudah dimulai dan masih berlangsung pada waktu lampau.
Dipakai untuk menunjukkan perbuatan yang berlangsung terus pada waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• When I finished my dinner, peter had been playing chees.
• When I came to Surabaya in 1980, he had already been living there about five years.

Pattern

Positif : S + had+been+ V ing
Negatif : S + had+ not+been+ V ing
Tanya : Had + S + been+ V ing


 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• I had been swimming.
• We had been swimming.
• She had been swimming.

 Contoh Kalimat Negatif :
• I had not been swimming.
• We had not been swimming.
• She had not been swimming.

 Contoh Kalimat Tanya :
• Had I been swimming?
• Had we been swimming?
• Had She been swimming?
9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh :
• He will post the letter.
• I shall go to Jakarta tomorrow.
b. Digunakan untuk membuat janji pada waktu yang akan dating.
Contoh :
• He will meet you tomorrow.
• She will help you with your homework tomorrow.
c. digunakan untuk menunjukkan syarat.
Contoh :
• He will give you a good dictionary if you go with him.
d. Digunakan untuk memohon kepada seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh :
• Will you please help me to get the book.

Pattern :

Positif: S + will/shall + V1
Negatif: S + will/shall + not + V1
Tanya: Will/shall + S + V1

I/We Shall
You/They/He/She/It Will


 Contoh Kalimat positif :
• I will study.
• You will swim.
• They will visit Tokyo.

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• I will not study.
• You will not swim.
• They will not visit Tokyo.

 Contoh kalimat Tanya :
• Will You study ?
• Will You swim ?
• Will They visit Tokyo ?

Tanda waktu :
- tomorrow
- Next week
- Next year
- To night


10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang segera akan berlangsung pada suatu saat tertentu di waktu yang akan datang, khusunya apabila kita membayangkan bahwa kita sendiri yang akan melakukannya.
Contoh :
• They will be working on the new project by next week.
• By this time next week, I will be returning the book to the library.
b. Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu yang telah direncanakan atau diputuskan sebelumnya.
Contoh :
• I will be spending the winter in Switzerland.



Pattern :

Positif: S + will/shall + be + Ving
Negatif: S + will/shall + not + be + Ving
Tanya: Will/shall + S + be + Ving

I/We Shall
You/They/He/She/It Will

 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• You will be working.
• They will be driving home.
• She will be learning music.

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• You will not be working.
• They will not be driving home.
• She will not be learning music.


 Contoh kalimat Tanya :
• Will You be working ?
• Will They be driving home ?
• Will She be learning music ?


Tanda waktu :
- at this time tomorrow
- at eleven o;clock tomorrow morning
- at this next year
- at the same time tomorrow.


11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Digunakan untuk menunjukan bahwa suatu kejadian atau peristiwa sudah akan terjadi atau berlangsung sebelum suatu saat tertentu diwaktu yang akan datang
Contoh :
• Father will have retiredby the year 2003.
• Our contractor will have completed the building by the end of this month
• John will have done his work by the end of this week.
• By next week I shall have read this book.

Pattern :

Positif: S + will/shall + have + V3
Negatif: S + will/shall + not + have + V3
Tanya: Will/shall + S + have + V3

I/We Shall
You/They/He/She/It Will


 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• You will have worked.
• They will have driven home.
• She will have learned music.

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• You will not have worked.
• They will not have driven home.
• She will not have learned music.


 Contoh kalimat Tanya :
• Will You have worked.
• Will They have driven home.
• Will She have learned music.


Tanda Waktu :
- by the end of this week
- by next week
- by next month


12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pengertian Future Perfect Continuous Tense adalah future perfect tetapi perbuatan itu ada kemungkiann dilanjutkan pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh :
• By the end of this year we shall have been studying German for three years.
• By Christmas I shall have been working at this office for five years.
Pattern :

Positif: S + will/shall + have + been + Ving
Negatif: S + will/shall + not + have + been + Ving
Tanya: Will/shall + S + have + been + Ving

I/We Shall
You/They/He/She/It Will

 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• You will have been working.
• They will have been driving home
• She will have been learned music

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• You will not have been working.
• They wil notl have been driving home
• She wil notl have been learned music

 Contoh Kalimat Tanya :
• Will You have been working ?
• Will They have been driving home ?
• Will She have been learned music ?


Tanda waktu :
- By the end of…
- By the end of this year


13. PAST FUTURE TENSE
a. Menyatakan perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• I should go to Balikpapan the following day.
Saya akan pergi ke balikpapan hari berikutnya.
• He would buy a car the previous day.
Dia akan membeli sebuah mobil sehari sebeumnya.

b. Menyatakan perbuatan yng akan dilakukan bila syaratnya terpenuhi, pada waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• He would come if you invited him.
Dia akan datang jika anda mengundangnya.

Pattern

Positif : S + Should/Would + V1
Negatif : S + Should/Would + Not + V1
Tanya : Should/Would + S + V1


I/We Should
You/They/He/She/It Would

 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• We should swim.
• They would swim.
• He would swim.

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• We should not swim.
• They would not swim.
• He would not swim.

 Contoh Kalimat Tanya :
• Should we swim ?
• Would they swim ?
• Would he swim ?


14 PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang akan sedang dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• I should be taking an examination at this time the following ay.


Pattern

Positif : S + Should/Would + be + V-ing
Negatif : S + Should/Would+ Not + be+ V ing
Tanya : Should/Would + S + be + V ing


I/We Should
You/They/He/She/It Would

 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• You would be singing.
• They should be singing.
• He would be singing.

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• You would not be singing.
• They should not be singing.
• He would not be singing.

 Contoh Kalimat Tanya :
• Would you be singing ?
• Should they be singing ?
• Would he be singing.


15. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sudah dimulai pada saat waktu lampau, dan segera selesai pada wktu yang akan datang.
Contoh :
• Rasya will have done his work by the end of this week.
• By next week I shall have read this book.
Pattern

Postif : S + Should/Would + have + V3
Negatif : S + Should/Would + Not +have + V3
Tanya : Should/Would + have + V3



I/We Should
You/They/He/She/It Would
 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• We should have swum.
• She would have swum.
• He would have swum.

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• We should not have swum.
• She would not have swum
• He would not have swum

 Contoh Kalimat Tanya :
• Should we have swum ?
• Would she have swum ?
• Would he have swum ?

16. PAST FUTURE PARFECT CONTINUOUS
Future perfect continuous dalam bentuk lampau.
Contoh :
• By last Christmas I should have been working at that office for five tear.
• By the end of this month last semester, Clara would have been studying medicine at Airlangga University for four years.


Pattern
Positif : S + Should/Would + have + been + V-ing
Negativ: S + Should/Would + Not+ have + been + V-ing
Tanya : Should/Would + S + have + been V-ing

 Contoh Kalimat Positif :
• You would have been writing.
• They would have been writing.
• She would have been writing.

 Contoh Kalimat Negativ :
• You would not have been writing.
• They would not have been writing.
• She would not have been writing.


 Contoh Kalimat Tanya:
• Would you have writing ?
• Would they have writing ?
• Would she have writing ?

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